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Explain the Role of Effective Communication and...

Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care setting. Skilled communication plays a huge role in health and social care such as psychotherapy, counselling, medical and health care. Effective communication and interaction play an important role in the work of all health and social care professionals. For example, care professionals need to be able to use a range of communication and interaction skills in order to work inclusively with people of different ages and diverse backgrounds (1). According to Koprowska research shows experiences of service users using the service within these settings indicate that skilled communication for PR actioners has enabled them to build a working†¦show more content†¦This will build up relationship and trust between the care worker and the service user. Effective communication is also about communication with relatives, colleagues and other professionals to create a safe, welcoming and valuing work environment (3). For example, in a care home care workers need to have effective communication as it is important within the job role. This is because, when the service users family needs to know how their relative is getting on within the care home they would need to ask information from the care workers. Therefore, care workers need to have effective communication skills to be able to relate to service users family and tell them whatever they need to know about their family and that of the service user. Communication eases anxiety of the patients and eliminates more possibilities for mistakes, and lets each party know what is expected of them it also helps the care worker to communicate and use their skills to meets the service user’s rights and needs. In a care home, there are elderly people who may have speech difficulties, be hard of hearing, but the care worker should not use the effective communication skills too much because if the care worker speaks to one of the elderly which has hearing difficulties he must ensure he does not speak to loud as the elderly person may feel intimidated and may feel that the care worker isShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswhilst also maintaining a practical focus on why organization theory matters. I felt in good hands here, confident that I was being offered a deeply informed, reliable and intelligently constructed account. The opening chapter carefully and helpfully explains terms, including ‘theo ry’ and ‘epistemology’ that can form an unexplored bedrock to texts in the field. It then offers thoughtful, scholarly and well-illustrated discussions of prominent theoretical perspective, including managerialism and postmodernity Explain the Role of Effective Communication and... Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction within a health and social care setting By Ellena Hall Figure 1 Figure 1 Contents Page: Page 3: Introduction Pages 4-7: Main Text Pages: 8- 9 Conclusion Page: 10 Definitions Page: 11 Bibliography Introduction: I am writing this report to inform year 11 students about effective communication which can be used during work placement in a health and social care setting. This is due to concerns of students being nervous on arrival of work placement and communicating with patients/service users when they start the course. Therefore this report is to help prepare them with different forms and techniques of effective communication and†¦show more content†¦However, it is not always down to the form, or skills you use when communicating, this is because, as long as the service provider can communicate effectively and be an active listener so communication can flow and all involved can understand the topic of communication. There are two main contexts in which we communicate; formal and informal. In the context of communicating formally we communicate using; Standard English, correct grammar, corrects posture, eye contact and good pronunciation. We often communicate formally when communicating with someone of a higher authority; this shows that you respect their higher position; this is more likely to be in a formal setting such as a work place or educational establishment. However when communicating informally we use different skills such as; use of slang (informal English), more relaxed posture and general chit chat. We often communicate informally when communicating with someone who is familiar e.g. a friend. This is more likely to be in an informal and relaxed setting such as in the playground or in town. Interpersonal skills are the life skills we use every day to communicate and interact with other people, both individually and in groups. People who have worked on developing strong interpersonal skills are usually more successful in both their professional and personal lives. Interpersonal skills are not just important in the workplace, our personal and social lives canShow MoreRelatedUnit 1 Communication1302 Words   |  6 PagesDIPLOMA IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE LEVEL 3. Unit 1. Developing effective communication in health and social care. Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. CRITERIA P1. In this piece of writing, I am to explain the role of effective communication in different context, the methods, the interpersonal interactions and how it support service users with their needs within healthRead MoreExplain the Role of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in a Health and Social Care Setting. Skilled Communication Plays a Huge Role in Health and Social Care Such as Psychotherapy, Counselling, Medical and Health Care1117 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care setting. Skilled communication plays a huge role in health and social care such as psychotherapy, counselling, medical and health care. Effective communication and interaction play an important role in the work of all health and social care professionals. For example, care professionals need to be able to use a range of communication and interaction skills in order to work inclusively with peopleRead MoreUnit: 1 P1,P2 M11498 Words   |  6 PagesExplaining the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. Effective communication is way in which people communicate towards each other. There are wide ranges of ways that communication can take place for example one to one conversations, group conversations. This can either be informal or formal depending on the individual’s outcome. An example of effective communication that can take place in a health and social care setting is a hospital,Read MoreThe Role of Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in Health and Social-Care1186 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social-care Introduction This assignment is centred on effective interpersonal interaction and good communication in health and social care which is achieved through the use of multiple communication methods and techniques and the analysis of how certain types of people think and communicate. P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Key Terms Formal- The useRead MoreUnit 1 Developing Effective Communication Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping Effective Communication P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. M1 Asses the role of effective communication and interpersonal in health and social care with reference to theories of communication. Context Formal Formal communication is important in a health and social care context. Formal communication shows respect for others and is an effective way of communicating when used. Formal communication wouldRead MoreHealth and Social Care Level 31993 Words   |  8 PagesModel Assignment (Learner Extract) Issued September 2012 OCR Level 3 Cambridge Technicals in Health and Social Care Unit 1: developing effective communication in health social care Please note: This OCR Cambridge model assignment may be used to provide evidence for the unit identified above. Alternatively, centres may ‘tailor’ or modify the assignment within permitted parameters (see Information for Teachers). It is the centre’s responsibility to ensure that any modificationsRead MoreUnit 1 Health and Social Care16199 Words   |  65 PagesDeveloping effective communication in health and social care LO1 Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care contexts of communication forms of communication interpersonal interaction communication and language needs and preferences LO2 Understand factors that inï ¬â€šuence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments theories of communication environmental factors affecting communication barriers to communication 2 DevelopingRead MoreP1 – Explain the Role of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in a Health and Social Care Context1589 Words   |  7 PagesP1 – Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context Communication is highly important, especially in an elderly care setting. It is useful in many different ways and situations, for example; if the service user had vision impairments, it is important that the professional speaks loud and clearly pronunciating properly however is not patronising in any way making the service user feel uncomfortable. This gets important information, suchRead MoreThe Theory Of Goal Attainment1481 Words   |  6 Pageswhich pertain to the individual, Interpersonal Systems which pertain to small groups, and Social Systems which pertain to the society as a whole. King saw these three interacting systems as part of the larger decision making process of human beings (Frey et al, 2002). The Theory of Goal Attainment is a middle range theory derived from King’s Conceptual System. The Theory of Goal Attainment focuses on the interactions between the personal, interpersonal, and social systems. Frey et al (2002) describesRead MoreAdult Obesity: Application of Orem, King, and Penders Conceptual Models2992 Words   |  12 PagesNUR513Ââ€"Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Adult Obesity: Application of Orem, King, and Penders Conceptual Models Adult obesity is one of the United States most serious health problems. Approximately 127 million adult Americans in the U.S. are overweight (American Obesity Association, n. d.). Each year, obesity causes at least 300,000 excess deaths in the U.S., and healthcare costs of American adults with obesity amount to approximately $100 billion (American Obesity Association, n. d.).

Hunting Helps the Environment Essay - 901 Words

It is early in the morning; the majestic Elk bugles in the distance. The sun is kissing the tops of the peaks with the most beautiful gold, and painting the clouds rose red. The men and women who enjoy the outdoors whether it is hunting or just hiking help make these types of moments possible. Hunting and the ecosystem is tied closely to conservation of land and animals. The articles of â€Å"Hunting and the ecosystem† written by the South Dakota Game Fish and Parks Department (SDGFP), and â€Å"Facts and statistics on wildlife conservation† written by Roger Holmes, director of the Fish and Wildlife, touch on how hunting is important in the environment to keep a good balance in the ecosystem. They also point out how hunters do more than any other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hunting and ecosystem-based management is the smartest and most cost-effective way to manage our wildlife. The basic idea of ecosystem-based management is that you manage ecosystems rather t han specific species or disciplines.† For example â€Å"you do not mange pheasants as much as you manage the ecosystem in which the pheasants live. If the ecosystem is improved, it will produce more pheasants naturally.†(1) Hunting and hunters are the biggest advocates for conservation. They also provide for the most finical aid of any other organization that says they sponsor the environment and wildlife. (SDGFP)(2). Such organizations are PETA and SEIRRA. These clubs think they help the animals and the environment because they do not kill them, but they actually do more damage. Their goal is to save the animals and keep the woods from being touched. They hardly give any money to the conservation groups. The reason the ecosystems have to use conservation is because we have to much human interaction with the environment, as Roger Holmes touches on in his article. Like in small communities there is a lot more wildlife human interaction because the expanding nation. The PETA and SEIRRA clubs have also done nothing for the growth of the animal populations. The hunters have given new life to many species such as; White-Tailed Deer, Canadian goose, Rocky Mountain Elk, Wild Turkey, Pronghorn Antelope, and man y others. TheShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Hunting and Fishing Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesHunting and fishing have been a part of the past and present of America and all around the world for as far back as the world dates. As far back as we can date, people have always hunted and fished. Back then they needed to because people need food to survive. Now hunting and fishing are starting to become sports. You may think that hunting and fishing can harm the environment, but there are many positive things about them. Hunting and fishing can have some positive effects and negative effectsRead MoreHunting Conservation : Wildlife Management Tool875 Words   |  4 PagesHunting is viewed as a sport or hobby in which the activity of hunting wild animals or game is the goal, especially for food or sport. On the other hand is Conservation, which is the action of conserving something, in particular. Preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, v egetation, and wildlife are just some of the examples in which conservation is exercised. If you were ask anyone, usually you would view Hunting and Conservation as two opposites. ButRead MoreHunting Is Not A Fair Thing1672 Words   |  7 Pages Hunting, meaning tracking or trapping of wild animals is one of the oldest activities known to mankind. Back in the days, hunting was a necessity of life for our ancestors to be able to obtain food for nourishment. People still hunt animals for food, but it’s more of a recreational activity now and laws govern which specific animals can be hunted. People who disagree about hunting say that it is detrimental to the beautiful nature, which results in numerous accidents every year and isRead MoreEssay about Conserving Natural Resources Through Hunting1592 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hunting is not part of conservation, it is conservation† says Dr. Jon Hutton, Executive Director of UNEP-WCMC. (25 Reasons Hunting is Co nservation) This quotation states that hunting is one of the most beneficial things to improve a population. Conserving natural resources by eliminating a percentage of an overpopulated species helps the natural balance in the environment. If the wolf population goes down, the deer population goes up. If the deer eat all the grass, rabbits and other such herbivorousRead MoreIs Hunting Wildlife Protect Our Society?1235 Words   |  5 PagesPro-Hunting Hunting wildlife plays a huge role in protecting our society and economy as well. The United States is undergoing a growing population of wildlife and it is becoming a problem for the economy and environment.† An estimated 1.23 million deer-vehicle collisions occurred between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012, according to the Insurance Journal. A total of 2,083 animal collisions resulted in human fatalities between 2001 to 2011,according to the New York Times ( When you buy meat in theRead MoreWhat s Merica Without Meat1657 Words   |  7 Pagesonly way their families got food. Hundreds of years ago a new invention was made that made hunting a lot easier. After many long years pass and many animals killed by bow and arrow, a new weapon was invented. The deer rifle is very efficient, powerful, and lightweight wich made it easier to carry around. Deer rifles also are a great invention because it help kill the animal faster and with less pain. Hunting was once the only way to sup ply food for your family, But as time went on it became a wayRead MoreHunting Is An Essential Component Of Conservation944 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of hunting reveals that hunters of today share many of the same motivations and methods as ancient hunters. While technology and accessories may be different that those used for hunting thousands of years ago, the ability to take down an animal is something to be celebrated. When you learn the history of hunting, you’ll gain greater appreciation for this old tradition. Hunting is an essential component of conservation and can be used in everyday life; it has been a part of American historyRead MoreHunting Is Not Only Sustainable1464 Words   |  6 PagesHunting has been a way of life and means of survival for many different people groups throughout history. Today however, a large portion of society is becoming less tolerant towards hunting. This anti-hunting sentiment comes as a result of poor hunting practices in the past which damaged wildlife populations; however, much has been done since then to improve the practice of hunting. Hunting today both sustains and helps conserve wildlife. Hunting practices today are sustainable because of strictRead MoreAnimal Cruelty, By Walt Disney1178 Words   |  5 Pageswatching the east grow bright, waiting for the first rays of warm sunshine to break through the trees and drive away the bitter cold of night.† Although some people think that hunting is animal cruelty, I believe that hunting is crucial to maintain the balance of animal population before they become over populated. Hunting in general is a broad topic so, I will be using deer as the main point. Walt Disney has had a hand in how hunters are portrayed. Bambi, released in 1942, portrayed hunters asRead MoreHunting : An Effective Tool For Wildlife Management And Preservation Of Wildlife1577 Words   |  7 Pages Hunting not only provides people with healthy organic meat, it is also instrumental in the management and preservation of wildlife not only through the hunting itself, but also by the money generated by hunters that is used for this purpose. Hunting has existed since the dawn of time and continues to play a key role in providing people with the food they need to survive. Hunting plays many important roles in our world and has been a very effective tool for wildlife management and hopefully

Death Of A Salesman And Fences Essay - 1264 Words

Having a father figure in your life can help shape your life. Fathers are disciplinarians and caretakers. Often, it may seem that boys will try to copy their fathers to be just like them. They will seek their father’s approval in everything they do. The relationship between a father, and a son is an essential one. This relationship can determine how a boy will grow up into a man, what good habits will he pick up from his father or what bad ones. Although the fathers in Death of a Salesman and Fences; Willy and Troy wanted whats best for their sons, they did more harm than good. A terrible father and son relationship can cause a strain on the sons mind by constantly needing praise from their dad. Thus, Biff and Corys relationship with†¦show more content†¦Willy was so pushy to a point where Biff could not finish a sentence before Willy could interrupt him. Whereas Troy refuses to see that times have changed and his son has a chance to play football professionally. Troy s father has influenced the way Troy treats his children, even though he escaped his father by fleeing at a young age. Thus creating his hostile attitude that stems from his past. Troy feels guilty for not being around for Lyons growing, instead, Troy was serving his fifteen years sentence. Lyons is thirty-four year old still getting financial support from Troy. However, he never urged Lyon to get another career. Instead, he gave up and let Lyon take advantage of him. But when it came to Cory, Troy was very assertive and short tempered. He refuses to sign the consent forms for Cory’s football draft and ruins his chances at a football career. There was a fearsome relationship between Troy and Cory. All Cory ever wanted was his father’s affection. He even asks Troy if he likes him. All Cory ever gotten from Troy was fear, he never knew if his father genuinely liked him or not. â€Å"You my flesh and blood. Not cause I like you! Cause it’s my duty to take care of you. I ain’t got to like you.†(Wilson 40). Willy’s short temper and sense of paranoia turned any conversation he has into an argument. Willy does not show an ideal example of a father for his sons, patience and understanding vanishes when Willy shows his anger. Hence causing aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparing Death of a Salesman and Fences795 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to comparing and contrasting two different cultures and morals the differences can be night and day. In Death Of A Salesman and Fences, these stories follow two middle-class families around the same time period (late 1940-1950’s), who are both facing problems within their own household’s. From marital issues to failing father/son relationships, both of these stories paint a picture to the audience of what life in an urban family living in that time setting was like through the author’sRead MoreFather and Son in Death of a Salesman, and Fences Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to balance a healthy relationship between father and son, because of what a father expects from his son. For instance in the narratives, â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† and â€Å"Fences† both Willy and Troy are fathers who have a difficult time in earning respect from their sons, and being a role model for them. Between, â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† and â€Å"Fences,† both protagonists, Willy and Troy both depict the role of a father in distinctive ways; however, in their struggle, Willy is the more sympatheticRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Cory in The Play Fences by August Wilson1109 Words   |  5 Pagesdeath of a salesman father-sonfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd Troy Maxson’s father-son relationship is anything but desirable. The harder Cory works to better himself, theRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2091 Words   |  9 Pagesprosperity through hard work. Both in Arthur Miller s Death of a Salesman and F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is a strong theme throughout, as ultimately the protagonists in the novel and play fail to achieve their dream. As a result, the reader is forced to consider whether the American Dream is an unattainable concept or if it is due to personal interpretation. The Great Gatsby written in 1925 and Death of a Salesman 1949, gives a slightly different perspective being postRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesBarthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor FaustusRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesinformation on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further Reading 15. Copyright Introduction Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, first published in Atlantic MonthlyRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesinformation on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further Reading 15. Copyright Introduction Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, first published in Atlantic MonthlyRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesEmily, Selected Poems of Emily Dicksinson Herrick, Steven, The Simple Gift Baillie, Alan, The China Coin Russell, Willy, Educating Rita Cleven,Vivienne et al (eds), Contemporary Indigenous Plays Pung, Alice, Unpolished Gem Noyce, Phillip, Rabbit-Proof Fence Daldry, Stephen, Billy Elliot Making Multicultural Australia, www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au It is also suggested you choose 3-4 related texts as you will have more to discuss. You do not have to read a full book; a story from an anthology canRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdecision, too. He wants to stay, but not by himself. Still, he isnt convinced by Juanitas reasons. Look, he says, if the stream were poisonous, everything in it would look dead. There are water spiders and plants living in the stream. Its no death trap. At this point you are faced with one of lifes little decisions: What do you do about the water situation? Go or stay? Someone else might make this decision by flipping a coin. A logical reasoner is more rational. 4 A first step inRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesLeonard (1966), Principles of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavior Theory, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Lai, Whalen (2004), â€Å"From Protean Ape to Handsome Saint: The Monkey King†, Asian Folklore Studies, 53/1, 29-65. Locke, John (1690), An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, London: Printed for Tho. Basset, and sold by Edw. Mory. Keane, Michael (2002), â€Å"Television Drama in China: Engineering Souls for the Market† in: Craig, Timothy J. King, Richard [eds.], Global Goes Local: Popular

The Role of Fdi in India Free Essays

string(60) " be able to sell multiple products under the same brand, e\." FDI Policy in India FDI as defined in Dictionary of Economics (Graham Bannock et. al) is investment in a foreign country through the acquisition of a local company or the establishment there of an operation on a new (Greenfield) site. To put in simple words, FDI refers to capital inflows from abroad that is invested in or to enhance the production capacity of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Fdi in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now [3] Foreign Investment in India is governed by the FDI policy announced by the Government of India and the provision of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999. The Reserve Bank of India (‘RBI’) in this regard had issued a notification,[4] which contains the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or issue of security by a person resident outside India) Regulations, 2000. This notification has been amended from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India is the nodal agency for motoring and reviewing the FDI policy on continued basis and changes in sectoral policy/ sectoral equity cap. The FDI policy is notified through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). The foreign investors are free to invest in India, except few sectors/activities, where prior approval from the RBI or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (‘FIPB’) would be required. FDI Policy with Regard to Retailing in India It will be prudent to look into Press Note 4 of 2006 issued by DIPP and consolidated FDI Policy issued in October 2010[5] which provide the sector specific guidelines for FDI with regard to the conduct of trading activities. a) FDI up to 100% for cash and carry wholesale trading and export trading allowed under the automatic route. ) FDI up to 51 % with prior Government approval (i. e. FIPB) for retail trade of ‘Single Brand’ products, subject to Press Note 3 (2006 Series)[6]. c) FDI is not permitted in Multi Brand Retailing in India. Entry Options For Foreign Players prior to FDI Policy Although prior to Jan 24, 2006, FDI was not authorised in retailing, most general players had been operating in the country. Some of entrance routes u sed by them have been discussed in sum as below:- 1. Franchise Agreements It is an easiest track to come in the Indian market. In franchising and commission agents’ services, FDI (unless otherwise prohibited) is allowed with the approval of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act. This is a most usual mode for entrance of quick food bondage opposite a world. Apart from quick food bondage identical to Pizza Hut, players such as Lacoste, Mango, Nike as good as Marks as good as Spencer, have entered Indian marketplace by this route. 2. Cash And Carry Wholesale Trading 00% FDI is allowed in wholesale trading which involves building of a large distribution infrastructure to assist local manufacturers. [7] The wholesaler deals only with smaller retailers and not Consumers. Metro AG of Germany was the first significant global player to enter India through this route. 3. Strategic Licensing Agreements Some foreign brands give exclusive licences and distribution rights to Indian companies. Through these rights, Indian compan ies can either sell it through their own stores, or enter into shop-in-shop arrangements or distribute the brands to franchisees. Mango, the Spanish apparel brand has entered India through this route with an agreement with Piramyd, Mumbai, SPAR entered into a similar agreement with Radhakrishna Foodlands Pvt. Ltd 4. Manufacturing and Wholly Owned Subsidiaries. The foreign brands such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, etc. that have wholly-owned subsidiaries in manufacturing are treated as Indian companies and are, therefore, allowed to do retail. These companies have been authorised to sell products to Indian consumers by franchising, internal distributors, existent Indian retailers, own outlets, etc. For instance, Nike entered through an exclusive licensing agreement with Sierra Enterprises but now has a wholly owned subsidiary, Nike India Private Limited. FDI in Single Brand Retail The Government has not categorically defined the meaning of â€Å"Single Brand† anywhere neither in any of its circulars nor any notifications. In single-brand retail, FDI up to 51 per cent is allowed, subject to Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval and subject to the conditions mentioned in Press Note 3[8] that (a) only single brand products would be sold (i. . , retail of goods of multi-brand even if produced by the same manufacturer would not be allowed), (b) products should be sold under the same brand internationally, (c) single-brand product retail would only cover products which are branded during manufacturing and (d) any addition to product categories to be sold under â€Å"single-brand† would require fresh approval from the government. While the phrase ‘sing le brand’ has not been defined, it implies that foreign companies would be allowed to sell goods sold internationally under a ‘single brand’, viz. Reebok, Nokia, Adidas. Retailing of goods of multiple brands, even if such products were produced by the same manufacturer, would not be allowed. Going a step further, we examine the concept of ‘single brand’ and the associated conditions: FDI in ‘Single brand’ retail implies that a retail store with foreign investment can only sell one brand. For example, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand and not the Reebok brand, for which separate permission is required. If granted permission, Adidas could sell products under the Reebok brand in separate outlets. what is a ‘brand’? Brands could be classified as products and multiple products, or could be manufacturer brands and own-label brands. Assume that a company owns two leading international brands in the footwear industry – say ‘A’ and ‘R’. If the corporate were to obtain permission to retail its brand in India with a local partner, it would need to specify which of the brands it would sell. A reading of the government release indicates that A and R would need separate approvals, separate legal entities, and may be even separate stores in which to operate in India. However, it should be noted that the retailers would be able to sell multiple products under the same brand, e. You read "The Role of Fdi in India" in category "Essay examples" g. , a product range under brand ‘A’ Further, it appears that the same joint venture partners could operate various brands, but under separate legal entities Now, taking an example of a large departmental grocery chain, prima facie it appears that it would not be able to enter India. These chains would, typically, source products and, thereafter, brand it under their private labels. Since the regulations require the products to be branded at the manufacturing stage, this model may not work. The regulations appear to discourage own-label products and appear to be tilted heavily towards the foreign manufacturer brands There is ambiguity in the interpretation of the term ‘single brand’. The existing policy does not clearly codify whether retailing of goods with sub-brands bunched under a major parent brand can be considered as single-brand retailing and, accordingly, eligible for 51 per cent FDI. Additionally, the question on whether co-branded goods (specifically branded as such at the time of manufacturing) would qualify as single brand retail trading remains unanswered. FDI in Multi Brand Retail The government has also not defined the term Multi Brand. FDI in Multi Brand retail implies that a retail store with a foreign investment can sell multiple brands under one roof. In July 2010, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper[11] on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. The paper doesn’t suggest any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. If implemented, it would open the doors for global retail giants to enter and establish their footprints on the retail landscape of India. Opening up FDI in multi-brand retail will mean that global retailers including Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco can open stores offering a range of household items and grocery directly to consumers in the same way as the ubiquitous ’kirana’ store. Foreign Investor’s Concern Regarding FDI Policy in India For those brands which adopt the franchising route as a matter of policy, the current FDI Policy will not make any difference. They would have preferred that the Government liberalize rules for maximizing their royalty and franchise fees. They must still rely on innovative structuring of franchise arrangements to maximize their returns. Consumer durable majors such as LG and Samsung, which have exclusive franchisee owned stores, are unlikely to shift from the preferred route right away. For those companies which choose to adopt the route of 51% partnership, they must tie up with a local partner. The key is finding a partner which is reliable and who can also teach a trick or two about the domestic market and the Indian consumer. Currently, the organized retail sector is dominated by the likes of large business groups which decided to diversify into retail to cash in on the boom in the sector – corporates such as Tata through its brand Westside, RPG Group through Foodworld, Pantaloon of the Raheja Group and Shopper’s Stop. Do foreign investors look to tie up with an existing retailer or look to others not necessarily in the business but looking to diversify, as many business groups are doing? An arrangement in the short to medium term may work wonders but what happens if the Government decides to further liberalize the regulations as it is currently contemplating? Will the foreign investor terminate the agreement with Indian partner and trade in market without him? Either way, the foreign investor must negotiate its joint venture agreements carefully, with an option for a buy-out of the Indian partner’s share if and when regulations so permit. They must also be aware of the regulation which states that once a foreign company enters into a technical or financial collaboration with an Indian partner, it cannot enter into another joint venture with another Indian company or set up its own subsidiary in the ‘same’ field’ without the first partner’s consent if the joint venture agreement does not provide for a ‘conflict of interest’ clause. In effect, it means that foreign brand owners must be extremely careful whom they choose as partners and the brand they introduce in India. The first brand could also be their last if they do not negotiate the strategic arrangement diligently. Concerns for the Government for only Partially Allowing FDI in Retail Sector A number of concerns were expressed with regard to partial opening of the retail sector for FDI. The Hon’ble Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce, in its 90th Report, on ‘Foreign and Domestic Investment in Retail Sector’, laid in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on 8 June, 2009, had made an in-depth study on the subject and identified a number of issues related to FDI in the retail sector. These included: It would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets, leading to large scale displacement of persons employed in the retail sector. Further, as the manufacturing sector has not been growing fast enough, the persons displaced from the retail sector would not be absorbed there. Another concern is that the Indian retail sector, particularly organized retail, is still under-developed and in a nascent stage and that, therefore, it is important that the domestic retail sector is allowed to grow and consolidate first, before opening this sector to foreign investors. Antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds, like, hat the entry of large global retailers such as Wal-Mart would kill local shops and millions of jobs, since the unorganized retail sector employs an enormous percentage of Indian population after the agriculture sector; secondly that the global retailers would conspire and exercise monopolistic power to raise prices and monopolistic (big buying) power to reduce the prices received by the suppliers; thirdly, it would lead to asymmetrical growth in cities, causing discontent and soci al tension elsewhere. Hence, both the consumers and the suppliers would lose, while the profit margins of such retail chains would go up. LIMITATIONS OF   THE PRESENT SETUP Infrastructure There has been a lack of investment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23. 6 million MT. , 80% of this is used only for potatoes. The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales. Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in terms of wastage in quality and quantity of produce in general. Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in retailing; FDI flow to the sector has not been significant. Intermediaries dominate the value chain Intermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail. Improper Public Distribution System (â€Å"PDS†) There is a big question mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising. In spite of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a ‘farm-to-fork’ retail supply system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages. No Global Reach The Micro Small Medium Enterprises (â€Å"MSME†) sector has also suffered due to lack of branding and lack of avenues to reach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to provide emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34. % in 1999-2000 to 30. 3% in 2007-08[12]. This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to access latest technology and improve its marketing interface. Rationale behind Allowing FDI in Retail Sector FDI can be a powerful catalyst to spur competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. The policy of single-brand retail was adopt ed to allow Indian consumers access to foreign brands. Since Indians spend a lot of money shopping abroad, this policy enables them to spend the same money on the same goods in India. FDI in single-brand retailing was permitted in 2006, up to 51 per cent of ownership. Between then and May 2010, a total of 94 proposals have been received. Of these, 57 proposals have been approved. An FDI inflow of US$196. 46 million under the category of single brand retailing was received between April 2006 and September 2010, comprising 0. 16 per cent of the total FDI inflows during the period. Retail stocks rose by as much as 5%. Shares of Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd ended 4. 84% up at Rs 441 on the Bombay Stock Exchange. Shares of Shopper’s Stop Ltd rose 2. 02% and Trent Ltd, 3. 19%. The exchange’s key index rose 173. 04 points, or 0. 99%, to 17,614. 48. But this is very less as compared to what it would have been had FDI upto 100% been allowed in India for single brand. The policy of allowing 100% FDI in single brand retail can benefit both the foreign retailer and the Indian partner – foreign players get local market knowledge, while Indian companies can access global best management practices, designs and technological knowhow. By partially opening this sector, the government was able to reduce the pressure from its trading partners in bilateral/ multilateral negotiations and could demonstrate India’s intentions in liberalising this sector in a phased manner. Permitting foreign investment in food-based retailing is likely to ensure adequate flow of capital into the country its productive use, in a manner likely to promote the welfare of all sections of society, particularly farmers and consumers. It would also help bring about improvements in farmer income agricultural growth and assist in lowering consumer prices inflation. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-competitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments. It is therefore obvious that we should not only permit but encourage FDI in retail trade. Lastly, it is to be noted that the Indian Council of Research in International Economic Relations (ICRIER), a premier economic think tank of the country, which was appointed to look into the impact of BIG capital in the retail sector, has projected the worth of Indian retail sector to reach $496 billion by 2011-12 and ICRIER has also come to conclusion that investment of ‘big’ money (large corporates and FDI) in the retail sector would in the long run not harm interests of small, traditional, retailers. In light of the above, it can be safely concluded that allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial surge in the country’s GDP and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not just employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have undoubtedly failed to provide to the masses employed in them. Industrial organisations such as CII, FICCI, US-India Business Council (USIBC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and Shopping Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) favour a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with. The international retail players such as Walmart, Carrefour, Metro, IKEA, and TESCO share the same view and insist on a clear path towards 100 per cent opening up in near future. Large multinational retailers such as US-based Walmart, Germany’s Metro AG and Woolworths Ltd, the largest Australian retailer that operates in wholesale cash-and-carry ventures in India, have been demanding liberalisation of FDI rules on multi-brand retail for some time. Thus, as a matter of fact FDI in the buzzing Indian retail sector should not just be freely allowed but per contra should be significantly encouraged. Allowing FDI in multi brand retail can bring about Supply Chain Improvement, Investment in Technology, Manpower and Skill development,Tourism Development, Greater Sourcing From India, Upgradation in Agriculture, Efficient Small and Medium Scale Industries, Growth in market size and Benefits to government through greater GDP, tax income and employment generation. Prerequisites before allowing FDI in Multi Brand Retail and Lifting Cap of Single Brand Retail FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has direct impact on a large chunk of population. Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell doom and deepen the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. This can be done by integrating into the rules and regulations for FDI in multi-brand retailing certain inbuilt safety valves. For example FDI in multi –brand retailing can be allowed in a calibrated manner with social safeguards so that the effect of possible labour dislocation can be analyzed and policy fine tuned accordingly. To ensure that the foreign investors make a genuine contribution to the development of infrastructure and logistics, it can be stipulated that a percentage of FDI should be spent towards building up of back end infrastructure, logistics or agro processing units. Reconstituting the poverty stricken and stagnating rural sphere into a forward moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this goal it can be stipulated that at least 50% of the jobs in the retail outlet should be reserved for rural youth and that a certain amount of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers. Similarly to develop our small and medium enterprise (SME), it can also be stipulated that a minimum percentage of manufactured products be sourced from the SME sector in India. PDS is still in many ways the life line of the people living below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies. If Government is allowing FDI, it must do it in a calibrated fashion because it is politically sensitive and link it (with) up some caveat from creating some back-end infrastructure. Further, To take care of the concerns of the Government before allowing 100% FDI in Single Brand Retail and Multi- Brand Retail, the following recommendations are being proposed :- Preparation of a legal and regulatory framework and enforcement mechanism to ensure that large retailers are not able to dislocate small retailers by unfair means. Extension of institutional credit, at lower rates, by public sector banks, to help improve efficiencies of small retailers; undertaking of proactive programme for assisting small retailers to upgrade themselves. Enactment of a National Shopping Mall Regulation Act to regulate the fiscal and social aspects of the entire retail sector. Formulation of a Model Central Law regarding FDI of Retail Sector Important highlights of Economic Outlook 2011-12 Agriculture grew at 6. 6% in 2010-11. This year’s monsoon is projected to be in the range of 90 to 96 per cent, based on which Agriculture sector is pegged to grow at 3. % in 2011-12! Industry grew at 7. 9% in 2010-11. Projected to grow at 7. 1% in 2011-12 Services grew at 9. 4% in 2009-10. Projected to grow at 10. 0% in 2011-12 Investment rate projected at 36. 4% in 2010-11 and 36. 7% in 2011-12 Domestic savings rate as ratio of GDP projected at 33. 8% in 2010-11 34. 0% in 2011-12 Current Account deficit is $44. 3 billion (2. 6% of GDP) in 2010-11 and projected at $54. 0 billion (2. 7% of GDP) in 2011-12 Merchandise trade deficit is $ 130. 5 billion or 7. 59% of the GDP in 2010-11 and projected at $154. 0 billion or 7. % of GDP in 2011-12 Invisibles trade surplus is $ 86. 2 billion or 5. 0% of the GDP in 2010-11 and projected at $100. 0 billion or 5. 0% in 2011-12 Capital flows at $61. 9 billion in 2010-11 and projected at $72. 0 billion in 2011-12 FDI inflows projected at $35 billion in 2011/12 against the level of $23. 4 billion in 2010-11 FII inflows projected to be $14 billion which is less than half that of the last year i. e $30. 3 billion Accretion to reserves was $15. 2 billion in 2010-11. Projected at $18. 0 billion in 2011-12 Inflation rate would continue to be at 9 per cent in the month of July-October 2011. There will be some relief starting from November and will decline to 6. 5% in March 2012. Foreign direct investment; net (BoP; US dollar) in India The Foreign direct investment; net (BoP; US dollar) in India was last reported at 11008159606. 75 in 2010, according to a World Bank report released in 2011. The Foreign direct investment; net (BoP; US dollar) in India was 19668790288. 40 in 2009, according to a World Bank report, published in 2010. The Foreign direct investment; net (BoP; US dollar) in India was reported at 24149749829. 71 in 2008, according to the World Bank. Foreign direct investment is net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows total net, that is, net FDI in the reporting economy from foreign sources less net FDI by the reporting economy to the rest of the world. Data are in current U. S. dollars. This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecast for Foreign direct investment; net (BoP; US dollar) in India. India’s diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India’s output with less than one third of its labour force. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. Total 933. 2 100 2705. 0 100 231530. 1 100 How to cite The Role of Fdi in India, Essay examples

Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin Free Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin. Answer: Theory: There are hundreds of different enzymes in organisms. For a compound to be found into active site of an enzyme, a precise fit is required. Hence enzymes are said to be very specific. This specificity of enzymes is utilized in the determination of the presence of enzymes in a tissue even without isolating each enzyme. A proper selection of substrate and reaction condition is a must for such experimentation. For instance proteolysis enzymes hydrolyse certain of peptide bonds of proteins but not the glucosisdic bonds of starch. On the other hand, Amylase has activity in hydrolysing glucosisdic bonds of starch but not peptide bonds.(Garysmith) Chymotrypsin and trypsin areproteolytic enzymes and can hydrolyse a protein such as casein to small peptides.To be specific, Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two pancreatic endopeptidases. They have a number of similarities in properties and mechanism of action. The class of enzymes to which they belong is known as the serine proteas. It is so because they have a serine residue at the active site and this residue becomes involved in the formation of covalent acyl enzyme intermediatewith the part of the substrate molecule during course of enzymes reaction. The overwhelming guideline is the unmistakable and simple method of perception of the chemical response. Basic to all chemical catalysed responses is the way that a substrate ends up plainly changed over into an item and accordingly the point of any examine is to watch the time-subordinate arrangement of the item. To accomplish this, a method must be found to distinguish the item. Since development of item is specifically associated with the vanishing of substrate, its decay is a sufficient measure of the response. In situations where at least two items are framed, or at least two substrate particles are included in the response, the assurance of just a single segment is sufficient.4 Obviously the most straightforward distinguishable response segment will be picked. A straightforward yet imperative condition is that substrate and item should vary in the watched highlight. The item might be exceptionally well distinguishable by a particular strategy, however in the event that the substrate demonstrates a comparable flag with equivalent force; no turnover can be seen by any stretch of the imagination. Regularly both parts demonstrate a little contrast of generally comparable vast essential signs, particularly when just little atomic adjustments happen, as with numerous isomerase responses (Figure 2). Such changes might be mainly noticeable, however are typically hard to measure, since substantial signs are for the most part subject to solid scrambling, so that the little change created by the compound response ends up plainly lost inside this clamour. In such cases the flag to clamour proportion must be broke down (Figure 2, right). When in doubt the power of the flag showed by the response must surpass the clamour at any rate by a component of tw o. This is a general issue, since any strategy is to a pretty much degree subject to disseminate. Dissipating can have different starting points, a few, e.g. shakiness of the instruments or estimations in turbid arrangements like cell homogenates, can't be kept away from, while others, similar to pollutions, turbidity brought on by pitifully dissolvable substances, dirtying, clean or air pockets can at any rate be decreased via cautious dealing with. Dispersing is likewise most minimal if just the watched segment (substrate or item) creates the flag (e.g. ingestion), while alternate segments demonstrate no flag (no retention) in the watched go, so that the response begins really at zero and any adjustment in the flag shows the progressing response.(Bisswanger, 2014) Chymotrypsin and trypsin are generally engrossed in breaking a peptide bond in a protein molecule or putting it simply they break amide bonds in protein molecules. They have slight different preferences of their action. Chymotrypsin is oriented more towards cleaving bonds to C-terminal side of an aromatic amino acid (for example phenylalanine,tyrosine,or tryptophan).To a small extent Chymotrypsin also breaks other hydrophobic amino acids. Trypsi, however, have preferences in the cleavage to the C-terminal side of basic amino acids, lysine and arginine to site a few. Still proteins are not the best substrate to use for accurate kinetic analysis of these enzymes. A number of works have been carried out using artificial substrate. In most of the cases the artificial substrate used were simple amide derivatives of amino acids, and many a times ester derivatives of amino acids have also been used. These enzymes can break such amide or ester derivatives of the amino acids quite easily. A c areful and judicious selection of substrate makes the assaying of chymotrypsin and trypsin very easy since there occur a change in U.V absorbance on hydrolysis, which may be followed spectro-photometrically. Despite having similarities in their action and mechanism,Chymotrypsin and Trypsin can be distinguished based on their characteristic properties. For instance Chymotrypsin and Trypsin can be distinguished on the basis of their substrate specificity. The specificity of Trypsin is for peptide bonds. Also noticeable is that the affinity of Trypsin in not for all peptide bonds. Rather they have specificity for peptide bonds in which lysine and arginine furnish the carbonyl group. Chymotrypsin, on the other hand, has specificity for peptide bonds where tyrosine, phenylaline and tryptophan participate in the formation of the carbonyl group of peptide bonds. Thus ,based on the above mentioned properties N-benzoyl-L-argininamide (or ester) can be classified as a good substrate for trypsin .Based on the similar arguments that is to say based on the above mentioned characteristics N-benzyol-L-tryosinamide (or ester) is exemplified as a suitable substrate for chymotrypsin. The characteristic properties of chymotrypsin and trypsin which help in their assaying are briefly mentioned below. Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is a proteolysis enzyme. It belongs to the group hydrolases.(Hyrdrolase or hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. ) Chymotrypsin is secreted in pancreas. Its pH is at 8.0.it is an endopeptidase (an enzyme which breaks peptide bonds other than terminal ones in a peptide chain) that catalyses the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group is contributed by the aromatic residues, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan .Like many other proteolytic enzymes, chymotrypsin also has esterase activity. This esterase activity of chymotrypsin is what taken into account to detect its presence qualitatively. Procedure for Enzymatic Assay of Chymotrypsin Description The following procedure is for products with a specification for chymotrypsin activity. Insoluble chymotrypsin cannot be assayed using this procedure. It is a continuous spectrophotometric rate determination based on the following reaction.(Sigma-Ardrich) BTEE +H2 O Chymotrypsin N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine + ethanol Where: BTEE-N Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester Unit Definition- One unit of chymotrypsin will hydrolyse 1.0 micromole of BTEE per minute at pH 7.8 at 25o C. Reagents and Equipment Required: TrizmaBase :2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THAM, Tris base, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, Trometamol: N?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester) Methanol) Calcium chloride, dihydrate Hydrochloric acid solution Preparation Instructions Use ultrapure water (18Mxcm resistivity at 25C) for the preparation of reagents. Buffer (80mMTrisHCl Buffer, pH7.8 at 25C) Prepare a 9.69mg/ml solution in ultrapure water using Trizma Base . Adjust the pH of this solution to 7.8 at 25C. BTEE Solution (1.18 mMN?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester) Weigh 37mg of N?Benzoyl-L?Tyrosine Ethyl Ester into a 100ml ClassA volumetric flask. Add 63.4ml of Methanol and mix by swirling. Bring the final volume of the solution to 100ml using ultrapure water. Invert the flask several times to ensure complete mixing. CaCl2 Solution (2M Calcium Chloride) Prepare a 294mg/ml solution in ultrapure water using Calcium chloride, dihydrate . HCl Solution (1 mM Hydrochloric Acid) Prepare a solution by diluting 0.10ml of 1.0M Hydrochloric acid solution to 100ml with ultrapure water in a 100ml Class A volumetric flask. Mix by inversion and place on ice. Enzyme Solution (Chymotrypsin) Immediately before use, prepare a solution containing 2?5chymotrypsin units per milliliter in cold (2?8C) HCl Solution. Procedure : First of all a reaction mix is made, say of 3 ml. This reaction mix contains the final concentration of 38mMTris, 0.55mMN-Benzoyl-L-Tyrosine Ethyl Ester, 30%(v/v) Methanol, 53mM Calcium Chloride, 0.03mM Hydrochloric Acid, and 0.2?0.5units of Chymotrypsin. 1.Following regents are pipetted into suitable quartz cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Buffer 1.42 1.42 BTEE Solution 1.40 1.40 CaCl2 Solution 0.08 0.08 2.Mix by inversion and equilibrate to 25C using a suitably thermos tatted spectrophotometer. 3.Add the following to the cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) HCl Solution 0.10 Enzyme Solution 0.10 4.Immediately mix by inversion and record the increase in A256 for 3?5minutes. 5.Obtain the A256/minute for both the blank and test reactions using the maximum linear rate over a one minute interval using at least 4 points. Results: Calculations: 1. Units/ml enzyme = (A256/minute Test A256/minute Blank) x (3) x (df) (0.964) x (0.10) Where: 3 = volume (ml) of reaction mix df = dilution factor 0.964 = millimolar extinction coefficient of BTEE at 256nm 0.10 = volume (ml) of test sample used in assay 2. Units/mg solid = units/ml enzyme mg solid/ml enzyme Assaying of Trypsin : Enzymatic approach Description : This procedure can be used with products having specification for Trypsin. The substrate used is N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). This procedure involves a continuous determination of spectrophotometric rate. It is based on the following reaction; BAEE + H2O Trypsin N-Benzoyl-L-arginine + ethanol Where: BAEE N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester Unit Definition One BAEE unit of trypsin activity will produce a A253 of 0.001 per minute with BAEE as substrate at pH7.6 at 25C in a reaction volume of 3.20ml. Reagents needed: Sodium phosphate, monobasic N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) 1M Hydrochloric acid Instructions for preparation: Use of ultrapure water (= 18Mxcm resistivity at 25C) is recommended for the preparation of good reagent. Making of Buffer (67 mM Sodium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.6 at 25C) - an 8.04 mg/ml solution is prepared using sodium phosphate, monobasic using ultrapure water. pH is adjusted to 7.6 at 25 oC with 1 M NaOH solution. Preparing substrate solution(0.25 mM N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) a 0.0866 mg/ml solution is prepared making use of N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) in buffer. Preparing HCl solution (1 mM Hydrochloric acid) - a 1000 fold dilution of 1 M Hydrochloric acid solution is prepared in ultrapure water. Preparing Enzyme solution (Trypsin) - a solution which contain 425-575 units/ml of Trypsin in cold (2?8C) HCl Solution is prepared. Care should be taken to prepare this solution right before use. Procedure Again as before, a 3.20 ml of reaction mix is prepared. This reaction mix contains the 62.8 mM concentration of sodium phosphate, 0.23 mM concentration of N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester ,0.031-0.063 mM concentration of hydrochloric acid, and 42.5-115.0 units of trypsin. Step 1: Following reagents are pipetted into convenient quartz cuvettes: Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Substrate Solution 3.00 3.00 HCl Solution 0.200 0.125 Step 2: Mixing is done by inversion and the solution is brought to equilibrium to 25 oC.A suitable thermostatted spectrophotometer is used for the purpose. Then following is added to the resulting solution. Reagent Blank (ml) Test (ml) Enzyme Solution 0.075 Care should be taken to make final volume in each cuvette 3.2ml per unit definition. Step 3: then immediately inversion is used to mix and the increase in A253/minute is recorded for 5 minutes. Then using a 1minute time period and a minimum of 4 data points, obtain the A253/minute using the maximum linear rate for both the Blank and Test. Results Calculations 1 BAEE units/ml enzyme= (A253/minute Test A253/minute Blank) x (df) (0.001) x (0.075) Where: DF = dilution factor 0.001 = the change in A253/minute based on unit definition 0.075 = volume (ml) of test sample used in assay Note: The total volume in the cuvette is not used in the calculation since the unit definition is based on 3.2 ml. 2 Units/mg solid = units/ml enzyme mg solid/ml enzyme Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved from Sigma-Ardrich: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/b6125?lang=enregion=IN Bisswanger, H. (2014). Enzyme assays. Perspective in Sciences. Garysmith. (n.d.). Retrieved from UCDavis: https://fst123.fst.ucdavis.edu/~garysmith/123LData.dir/Experiment%201.pdf

Keiretsu and Chaebols Essay Example For Students

Keiretsu and Chaebols Essay Keiretsu and Chaebols Keiretsu a group of closely related Japanese companies, often with interlocking ownership. Traditionally, there have been both horizontal and vertical keiretsu. Horizontal keiretsu center on a main bank and their companies span various industries. Vertical keiretsu center on a major manufacturer, like Toyota, and include its various suppliers and wholesalers. The keiretsu encourage its members to award contracts to sister companies and cooperate with each other for the overall good of the keiretsu. The keiretsu dominated the Japanese economy in the last half of the twentieth century. More recently, however, the keiretsu have been losing their grip, and the long-term business relationships of the keiretsu are fraying. When written in Japanese, keiretsu comprises two characters, meaning system and row. Thus the term keiretsu is now used more generally to mean an alliance of companies and individuals that work together for mutual benefit Chaebols The chaebol are the large, conglomerate family-controlled firms of South Korea characterized by strong ties with government agencies. The name, which means business association, is properly pronounced jay BOL but the spelling pronunciation chay bol is considered acceptable by Korean speakers. There were family-owned enterprises in Korea in the period before 1961 but the particular state-corporate alliance came into being with the regime of Park Chung Hee (1961-1979). The chaebol were prohibited from owning a bank. The Park regime nationalized the banks of South Korea and could channel scarce capital to industries and firms it saw as necessary for achieving national objectives. The government-favored chaebol had special privileges and grew large. This gave the impression of economic success for the chaebol that was not always valid. In some cases chaebol grew not because they were profitable but merely because they could borrow vast funds. When the international economy took a downturn these debt-ridden businesses were in trouble. In 1999 one quarter of the manufacturers in South Korea did not earn enough to meet the payments required for their debt. In recent years there has been the growth of mid-sized corporations which are outside of the chaebol arrangement. For example, Appeal Telecom was started by a former employee of Samsung, Lee Ga Hyoung. Appeal Telecom is manufacturing and marketing cell phones and has risen to the top in its field. In Germany the mid-sized corporation make a great contribution to the economy and there is no reason that such firms could not be an important element of the South Korean economy. How can Toyota regain its position in the hearts and minds of consumers after the massive car recalls beginning of this year? Toyota Turns To Twitter To Repair Its Image Toyota has been dealing with negative backlash from the massive safety recalls of its vehicles; and is even suffering in terms of sales. The Japanese auto giant has launched a branded channel on TweetMeme, in partnership with Federated Media, which aggregates and organize Twitter conversations regarding Toyota. Called Toyota Conversations, the site brings together the top stories being Tweeted about Toyota, from news articles to press releases. The site also shows visitors the most popular videos and images being shared about Toyota on Twitter. And the channel includes a Featured Tweets from Toyota’s Twitter account and press room as well as AdTweets, which are Tweetmeme’s retweetable ads for Toyota Negative news no more? As most of the top stories that are being aggregated on the site, that most of them is positive and thus doesn’t match that of the negative news that seemed to match the general tone of the media writing about Toyota, which has been quick to criticize the car company for its manufacturing mistakes. .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .postImageUrl , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:hover , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:visited , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:active { border:0!important; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:active , .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770 .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1c6762c3ec550bb15b7e98524e4d770:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dress Code EssayWith Tweetfeel ( Twitter sentiment application), it seem that Toyota has chosen this as it can be step up to pick only certain news sources which may be positive to them. And by looking at how Twitter has influence things between numerous brands, Toyota has chose to follow suit and this allow Toyota not only to monitor and track what is begin said about Toyota but to influence and participate in the conversation. The main ideas behind Toyota utilizing Twitter are: 1) To help stem the tide of negativity and 2) To deal with the backlashes that have been heaped upon it during the car recalls period. Toyota’s twitter site does mainly revolves around assimilating the top stories being Tweeted about Toyota, such as news articles and press releases, while showing visitors the most popular videos and images being shared about Toyota on Twitter. Akios Plan Akio Toyoda is the president and CEO of Toyota Motor Corporation Lately, Toyota has not lived up to the high standards we set for ourselves. I am deeply disappointed by that and apologize. That is why I am personally leading the effort to restore trust in our word and in our products. 1. Launch a top-to-bottom review of our global operations to ensure that problems of this magnitude do not happen again and not only meet but also exceed high safety standards. 2. Ensure that our quality-control operations are in line with best industry practices. 3. Aggressively investigate complaints we hear directly from consumers and move more quickly to address any safety issues we identify. You have my commitment that Toyota will revitalize the simple but powerful principle that has guided us for 50 years: Toyota will build the highest-quality, safest and most reliable automobiles in the world.